Justas Šaltinis

Investments, private markets & returns

Recesija ir depresija: skirtumai, pliusai ir minusai.

Nors ir daug kalbėta ir rašyta šiomis temomis, tačiau ne visi teisingai supranta šiuos terminus ir šios stadijos šalies ar viso pasaulio ekonomiką.

Recesija

Šis terminas turi net, du apibūdinimus: 1) šalies ekonomika rodo neigiamą augimą du (einančius iš eilės) ketvirčius, 2) smarkus šalies ekonominės veiklos sulėtėjimas besitęsiantis daugiau nei keli mėnesiai.

Ekonomikos augimas priklauso nuo balanso tarp produkcijos ir produktų bei paslaugų vartojimų, tuo tarpu kai ekonomika auga, atlyginimai ir vartojimas didėja. Ekonomikos ciklai ir pasaulio netobulumas priveda prie ekonomikos augimas sulėtėjimo. Jį gali sukelti net paprasta perteklinė gamyba, o kai taip atsitinka, tų produktų paklausa krenta, o tai sukelia pelnų mažėjimą, o tai veda į atlyginimų ir akcijų vertės mažėjimą.

Amerika jau spėjo patirti net 32 recesijas, kurios vidutiniškai tęsdavosi 10 mėnesių, trumpiausioji tik 6 mėn., o tuo tarpu ilgiausioji net 16 mėn.

Depresija

Depresija – sunki ekonomikos situacija, kuomet realusis bendrasis vidaus produktas (suderintas su infliacija) krenta daugiau nei 10%. Depresija dažniausiai trunka keletą metų ir sukelia didelių problemų bankininkystėje, prekyboje ir gamyboje. Taip pat didėja bankrotų skaičius ir bedarbystė, mažėja investavimas, smarkiai padidėja kreditų išdavimo sąlygos. Labiausiai žinoma – Didžioji Depresija.

Depresija dažniausiai sukelia keletas veiksnių susidūrusių vienu metu. Pradžia gali būti sukelta ir perteklinės produkcijos gamybos, krentančios paklausos ir baimės, kuri išsivysto investuotojams ir verslininkams supanikavus, o ši kombinacija mažina investicijas ir verslo išlaidas. Ekonomikai lėtėjant, nedarbingumo lygis kyla, o atlyginimai krenta. Šis efektas savaime dar kartą sumažina namų ūkio išlaidas, taip paskatindamas verslą dar labiau mažinti savo išlaidas. O visi šie veiksniai sukelia perkamosios galios mažėjimą, kuris kartais lemia tai, kad kai kurie namų ūkiai nebesugeba sumokėti įmokos už nekilnojamą turtą. Bankai savo ruoštu pradeda riboti paskolų išdavimą, taip dar labiau spaudžiant verslą, kartais net privedant prie bankroto, nes jiems reikia trumpalaikių paskolų, kad galėtų išlaikyti likvidumą.

Neigiami recesijos ir depresijos bruožai

1. Kylantis nedarbingumas. Abiejų stadijų bruožas, tik depresijos metu jis būna daug ryškesnis, nei recesijos. Vartotojams mažinant išlaidas, verslai mažina išmokas, kad susidorotų su krentančiomis pajamomis.
2. Baimė. Vartotojai tampa išsigandę, kad padėtis gali niekada nebepasitaisyti ir dėl to mažina išlaidas, taip dar labiau lėtindami ekonomikos augimą.
3. Ekonomikos nuosmukis. Metas, kurio metu dauguma žmonių susiduria su įvairiais sunkumais: prarastas darbas, atimtas nekilnojamas turtas, nukritusi akcijų vertė, negalėjimas patenkinti visų norų ir pan…
4. Pradingusios vertės. Turto, akcijų vertė krenta kartu su lėtėjančia ekonomika, taip neskatindama naujų investicijų.

Teigiami recesijos ir depresijos bruožai

1. Perteklių atsikratymas. Dėl perteklinės gamybos susidaręs prekių perteklius grįžta į normalų lygį.
2. Ekonomikos augimo subalansavimas. Recesija ir depresija padeda subalansuoti nevaldomai augančią ekonomiką
3. Pirkimo galimybių sukūrimas. Puiki galimybė investuotojams, turintiems pinigų, įsigyti gero turto su didele „nuolaida“.
4. Pirkėjų įpročių pasikeitimas. Sunkmetis priverčia vartotojus pakeisti nuomonę apie vartojimą, jie nebegali gyventi virš savo norų, o turi tenkintis tuo ką uždirba.

Sėkmės visiems, gyvenantiems šiame laikotarpyje.

P.S. Siūlyčiau išbandyti trumpą žaidimą, kuriame jūs būsite FED vadovas ir turėsite reguliuoti palūkanų normą, kad palaikytumėte nedarbingumo lygį ties 5 proc., o infliaciją ties 2 proc.

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Comments

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